Advancements towards restoration of the endangered limpet <i>Patella ferruginea</i> Gmelin, 1791 through controlled reproduction

The ferruginous limpet is one of the most threatened invertebrate species in Mediterranean Sea. Its controlled reproduction has been considered potentially effective strategies for production juveniles population restocking or recolonization areas where was brought to extinction by human pressure but now under protection (e.g., MPAs). This approach pursued at least two decades with partial results: most, some have obtained and reached adult stage, yet not starting from spawning induction through sacrifice female specimens (lethal approach), additionally resulting low genetic diversity produced. Herein, we describe, first time, positive results P. ferruginea. fertilizations made after these experiences allow describing larval development its early stages metamorphosis. fertilization rate events much higher (>97%) than previous studies that were based on extraction oocytes dissection. non-anomalous larvae 15 hours negligible variable, depending perhaps quality sperm available each fertilization. timing variability, particularly regarding metamorphosis, are described. Settlement ability 3–4 days fertilization, water temperature, while a large variability observed occurring between 7 32 (probably up 40 days), although inducing factors still unknown.